Overview of Phase Change Materials in Modern Textiles: An Advance Smart Thermal Solutions

Phase change materials (PCMs) have become important components in textile materials, offering enhanced comfort, performance, and temperature regulation. These materials operate based on the principle of absorbing and releasing thermal energy during their phase transition from solid to liquid and vice versa. When environmental or body temperatures increase, PCMs absorb heat, converting from a solid to a liquid state while storing this energy as latent heat. Conversely, as temperatures decrease, PCMs release this stored energy, returning to a solid state and providing warmth. This cyclical process contributes to maintaining a stable microclimate close to the skin, enhancing comfort, and reducing the effects of temperature fluctuations. The integration of PCMs in textiles has paved the way for innovations in various functional applications, particularly in activewear, outdoor clothing, medical textiles, and home furnishings. Activewear and sports textiles benefit from PCMs by ensuring wearer comfort during high-intensity activities, where body temperature regulation is critical. In medical textiles, PCMs provide therapeutic benefits, aiding temperature-sensitive individuals. Additionally, home furnishings such as bedding and upholstery now incorporate PCMs to improve sleep quality by providing temperature adaptability through the night. This article is focused on the advancements and developments in PCM technology and its incorporation into textiles to enhance durability, stability, and functionality across different conditions. Techniques like microencapsulation of PCMs within fibers or coatings on fabrics have improved the resilience of PCMs, making them more effective over prolonged use and washing cycles.